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The rates of work done or energy dissipated, is equal to Mj wj, where wj is joint angular velocity.  9    m              >Powers across Jointstransfers through joint forces transfers through joint moments of force generation or absorption by moments of force elastic storage and recovery assumed to be zero             2How to Interpret Segmental Force and Moment Powers- Power Balance Push-OffToe-Off Early Swing Midswing  Late Swing Weight-Acceptance*Summaryoplantar flexors supply power to all segments during push-off hip flexors supply power to swing the lower extremity knee flexors control rate of extension during swing knee extensors control rate of flexion during push-off and early swing and control flexion during early stance dorsiflexors flex foot to allow foot to clear floor during swing and to control foot-slapp. + (a N/   !" # $ % & '(),.P  ` ̙33` 3` 3333f` 999MMM` f` f3` 3>?" dZ@$|? 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A s T0Y  P  f@))?* > Z  B P ZD3)))?p ,$D 0H P 0޽h ? inCa1___PPT10e.+oB{D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*PD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*PD{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P)%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*P)D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*P)D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P)=%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*P)=D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*P)=D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P=Y%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*P=YD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*P=Y+8+0+P +b   ZK0 % h`(    3 rgֳgֳ ?kP     3 rgֳgֳ ?k<$  0  H  0޽h ? inCa1v n ___PPT10N .+XD ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*F%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*FD' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*F%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*FD' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*+8+0+ +  ZK0 5 X(  X X  Zp$gֳgֳ ?P   F  |  X  | f X 6A ? |  X TT'gֳgֳ?E :  T0Y H X 0޽h ? inCa1y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   ZK0 5 `*(  ` `  Z8gֳgֳ ?kP    ` NA ??kX $ 0d 0^ ` 6A ?V(3H ` 0޽h ? inCa1y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   ZK0 5 zh(  h h  `tCgֳgֳ ?P   r h S HDm#   F p h p0 f h 6A ?p h TlNgֳgֳ?s T0Y H h 0޽h ? inCa1y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   ZK0 5 z0p(  p p  `\gֳgֳ ?kP   r p S ]kp   F 9N p  f p 6A ?9N p T4ggֳgֳ?s  T0Y H p 0޽h ? inCa1y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +2    ZK0 5 80p(     ZPsgֳgֳ ?kP      ZLtgֳgֳ ?<$  0  H  0޽h ? inCa1v n ___PPT10N .+;D ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*]%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*]D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*]%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*]D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*+8+0+ +:    ZK0 5 80Px(  x x  ZXgֳgֳ ?P    x  ZTgֳgֳ ?k<$  0  H x 0޽h ? inCa1~v___PPT10V.+XD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*xk%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*xkD' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*xk%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*xk+8+0+x +:   ZK0 5 80p(     Zgֳgֳ ?P      Zgֳgֳ ?k<$  0  H  0޽h ? inCa1~v___PPT10V.+;D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*5%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*5D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*5%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*5+8+0+ +*  ZK0 5 80(     Zgֳgֳ ?kP      Zgֳgֳ ?k<$  0  H  0޽h ? inCa1n f ___PPT10F .+XD ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*H%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*HD' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Hu%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*HuD' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*u%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*u+8+0+ +   ZK0 5  X(     T<gֳgֳ ?pP   ^  6A?{0  Z))? ,$ 0 TForce and moment powers should be equal to rates of segmental energy change (DE/Dt).^U0 Z2M       PT  Zň))? ,$  0 `Moment powers can show if moment is generating or dissipating energy and/or transferring energy.a0 Z2a H  0޽h ? inCa1  ___PPT10 +yw.D ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*+p+0+ ++0+ +   ZK0 5 (     ZX gֳgֳ ?pP     Zp] ))?,$ 0 Force and moment powers should be equal to rates of segmental energy change (DE/Dt). I.e., S PF + S PM = D Esegment / D t Any discrepancies are due to errors in the data (video/force sychncronization), modelling assumptions (rigid body assumption). 0 Z2M                            MH  0޽h ? inCa1___PPT10+ϐ(D' = @B DD' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*+8+0+ +3  ZK0 5 0 (  x  c $ވkP   ^  6A? il q q,$D 0[  Z߈))?q qPlantar flexors provide sufficient work (269 W) to supply foot (65 W), leg (86 W), thigh (97 W) and trunk (23 W).r0 Z2r nB   ZD3)))?: l  -  -,$D  0  Z))?- ^(Hip flexors begin swing of thigh (12 W).)0 Z2) B   ZD)))? l     ,$D  0B   ZD)))?     Z))?  ^(Knee extensors dissipate energy (-15 W).)0 Z2) H  0޽h ? inCa1___PPT10+IFDh' = @B D#' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*+  ZK0 5 UM@  (      Zgֳgֳ ?kP      n0e0eAB-TOFF-S l z   z ,$D 0    Z))?U  zDDorsiflexors do work (6 W) to flex foot to clear floor during swing.E0 Z2E B   ZD3)))?*6 z l  U    U ,$D  0   Z))?U  p:Hip flexors continue working to cause swing of leg (42 W).;0 Z2; B  ZD)))?  l 3 a   3 a,$D  0B  ZD)))?3     ZT))?j a g1Knee extensors still dissipating energy (-22 W). 20 Z22 H  0޽h ? inCa1___PPT10+ ƁDh' = @B D#' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* +q  ZK0 5 rjP ((  ( (  Z,gֳgֳ ?kP   L ( Z))?+,$  0 XKnee and hip moments are essentially inactive. Extremity is almost a compound pendulum.Y0 Z2Y  (  p0e0eAC-ACCEL- l  )   ( ) ,$D 0 ( Z,))?A  h2Dorsiflexors continue to flex foot to clear floor.30 Z23 B  ( ZD3)))?WS ) H ( 0޽h ? inCa1{ s ___PPT10S +GD ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* (%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* (D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* (D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*(+8+0+( +  ZK0 5 ` 06(  0 0  *gֳgֳ ?kP     0  p0e0eAD-DECEL-X  l   0 ,$D 0 0 Z -))?i  JDorsiflexors transferring energy (5 W) to prevent foot hitting the ground.K0 Z2K B  0 ZD3)))?  .l  C 0C ,$D  0  0 Zh2))?jC XKnee flexors begin slowing the leg (-43 W) to prevent full extension at foot-strike.Y0 Z2Y B  0 ZD)))? T l ] x 0] x,$D  0  0 Z7))?x \&Hip extensors slow thigh swing (-6 W).'0 Z2' B 0 ZD)))?] H 0 0޽h ? inCa1___PPT10+:jDh' = @B D#' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*0D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*0Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*0D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*0Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*0D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*0+p  ZK0 5 qip 8(  8 8  ZGgֳgֳ ?kP    8 ZDI))?A ,$ 0 a+Ankle and hip moments essentially inactive.,0 Z2,  8  p0e0eAE-REACHT 4l  }   8 } ,$D  0& 8 ZN))?}  ^Knee flexors continue to reduce rate of extension (-15W) of knee prior to foot-strike._0 Z2_ B 8B ZD)))? 6 H 8 0޽h ? inCa1{ s ___PPT10S +B"#D ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*8D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*8Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 8%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* 8D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* 8+8+0+8 +  ZK0 5  @(  @ @  Z0_gֳgֳ ?kP    @  r0e0eAF-WTACCE- \l P  @P ,$D 0N @ Z`))?Zi  Ankle dorsiflexors dissipate energy (-37 W) to control  foot-slap. D0 Z2D B @ ZD3)))?Ws P  l  C   @C  ,$D  0 @ Ze))?C  l6Knee extensors dissipating energy at -157 W.70 Z27 B  @ ZD)))?   l @ x  @@ x,$D  0  @ Zj))?x _)Hip flexors dissipating at rate of -20 W.*0 Z2* B  @ ZD)))?@ H @ 0޽h ? inCa1___PPT10+ŃKXDh' = @B D#' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*@D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*@Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* @%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* @D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* @Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* @%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* @D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* @+  ZK0 `$(  r  S zkP   r  S {',  H  0޽h ? inCa1___PPT10i.ʨ0T+D=' = @B + 0 ia(  +   ZHӈgֳgֳ ? @   cSlides 2 through 7 were taken from Ansel TIF files and scaled 130%. The first slide was scaled 90.  d   N1 ?   H  0޽h ? a(> 0 (     Zgֳgֳ ? @       N1 ?   H  0޽h ? a(> 0  $(  $ $  N1 ?    $  Zgֳgֳ ? @    H $ 0޽h ? a(> 0 0,(  , ,  N1 ?    ,  Zl&gֳgֳ ? @    H , 0޽h ? a(> 0 @4(  4 4  N1 ?    4  ZPCgֳgֳ ? @    H 4 0޽h ? a(> 0 P<(  < <  N1 ?    <  ZZgֳgֳ ? @    H < 0޽h ? a(> 0 D(  D D  N1 ?    D  ZLvgֳgֳ ? @    H D 0޽h ? a(b 0 "T(  T TC x8 "" ? @     T T1 ?    H T 0޽h ? a(b 0 "\(  \ \ T1 ?     \C x44"" ? @    H \ 0޽h ? a(b  0 "d(  d d T1 ?     dC x4)"" ? @    H d 0޽h ? a(b  0 " l(  l l T1 ?     lC xLX"" ? @    H l 0޽h ? a(b  0 "@t(  t t T1 ?     tC xtI"" ? @    H t 0޽h ? a(b  0 "`|(  | | T1 ?     |C xd"" ? @    H | 0޽h ? a(b  0 "(   C x"" ? @      T1 ?    H  0޽h ? a(b 0 "(    T1 ?     C x"" ? @    H  0޽h ? a(J 0  (    `xgֳgֳ ? @      T1 ?    H  0޽h ? a(V 0 (    N1 ?     3 rgֳgֳ ? @    H  0޽h ? ̙33b 0 "(    T1 ?     C x"" ? @    H  0޽h ? a( 0 um(  1   ` q gֳgֳ ? @   cSlides 2 through 7 were taken from Ansel TIF files and scaled 130%. The first slide was scaled 90.  d   T1 ?   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 $ , Letter Paper (8.5x11 in)University of OttawaM Times New RomanArialSymbolwalking_powers-1Chart CorelDRAW!$Segmental Power Analysis of WalkingACalculate Net Forces and Moments of Force using Inverse DynamicsKinematic Analyses6Divide Limb into Segments and Make Free-body Diagrams2Apply Newtons Laws of Motion to Terminal Segment Apply Reactions to Next SegmentRepeat with Next Segment!Sources of Power to the Segments2Compute Powers due to Forces and Moments of ForceMoments of ForcePowers across Joints3How to Interpret Segmental Force and Moment PowersPower Balance Push-OffToe-Off Early Swing Midswing Late SwingEarly Weight-AcceptanceSummary  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles(_IGordon RobertsonGordon Robertson  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789};<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcd{~Root EntrydO)@/Ih@Pictures(Current UserPSummaryInformation(:UPowerPoint Document(DocumentSummaryInformation8   z Chart MSGraph.Chart.50 Chart|CorelDRAW!  CDraw40CorelDRAW!/ 0DTimes New RomanLL$wԖ0ԖDArialNew RomanLL$wԖ0Ԗ DSymbolew RomanLL$wԖ0Ԗ B .Z  @n?" dd@  @@`` :*  !" #$ %   &'()*+,/b${9pp!7Jb$N@Calculate Net Forces and Moments of Force using Inverse DynamicsXfirst measure the ground reaction forces and film the motion then apply inverse dynamicsYY Kinematic Analyseslinear position, velocity and acceleration of markers and joints (vj) linear position, velocity and acceleration of body segments (used for inverse dynamics) angular velocity of joints (wj) <     @        ,Bv5Divide Limb into Segments and Make Free-body Diagrams bApply Newton s Laws of Motion to Terminal Segment Apply Reactions to Next Segmentapply reactions of terminal segment to distal end of adjacent segment (leg) in kinematic chain compute its net forces and moments at proximal end(_ $,  Repeat with Next SegmentLcompute thigh s net forces and moments''   Sources of Power to the Segmentsjoint forces (ligamentous, joint capsular, cartilaginous [bone-on-bone] and muscular forces) moments of force (caused mainly by muscles, ligaments at end of ROM) external sources (elevators, diving or spring boards, fluid resistance, surface friction, wind resistance, etc.)R  Q  5  a  1Compute Powers due to Forces and Moments of Forcepower transfers due to forces are equal to dot products of net forces and joint velocities (i.e., PF = Fj . vj) powers delivered by moments of force are equal to products of net moments of force times segmental angular velocities (i.e., PM = Mj ws)   E               5            Pg+Moments of Forcemoments of force can transfer energy across a joint moments of force can also either generate or dissipate energy to one or both segments that they act upon. The rates of work done or energy dissipated, is equal to Mj wj, where wj is joint angular velocity.  9    m              >Powers across Jointstransfers through joint forces transfers through joint moments of force generation or absorption by moments of force elastic storage and recovery assumed to be zero             2How to Interpret Segmental Force and Moment Powers- Power BalancePush-OffToe-Off Early Swing Midswing  Late Swing Early Weight-Acceptance*Summarymplantiflexors supply power to all segments during push-off hip flexors supply power to swing the lower extremity knee flexors control rate of extension during swing knee extensors control rate of flexion during push-off and early swing and control flexion during early stance dorsiflexors flex foot to allow foot to clear floor during swing and to control foot-slapn . + (a N/   !" # $ % & '(),.P:   0 N0 5 80Px(  x x  ZlCgֳgֳ ?P  C  x  ZlCgֳgֳ ?k<$ 0 C H x 0޽h ? inCa1~v___PPT10V.+XD'  = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*xp%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*xpD' =%(D' =%(D@' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*xp%(D' =-o6Bwipe(up)*<3<*xp+8+0+x0 +  0 N0 5  (     Zl8gֳgֳ ?pP  8   Z8))?,$ 0 Force and moment powers should be equal to rates of segmental energy change (DE/Dt). I.e., S PF + S PM = D Esegment / D t Any discrepancies are due to errors in the data (video/force synchronization), modeling assumptions (rigid body assumption). 0 Z2M                          }  ,PH  0޽h ? inCa1___PPT10+ϐ(D' = @B DD' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D{' =%(D#' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*+8+0+0 + 0 N0 5 0 o(  x  c $+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*+ 0 N0 5  @(  @ @  Zi gֳgֳ ?kP    @  r0e0eAF-WTACCE-  \l P  @P ,$D 0N @ Zj ))?Zi  Ankle dorsiflexors dissipate energy (-37 W) to control  foot-slap. D0 Z2D B @ ZD3)))?Ws P  l  C   @C  ,$D 0 @ ZPp ))?C  l6Knee extensors dissipating energy at -157 W.70 Z27 B  @ ZD)))?   l @ x  @@ x,$D 0  @ Zu ))?x _)Hip flexors dissipating at rate of -20 W.*0 Z2* B  @ ZD)))?@ H @ 0޽h ? inCa1___PPT10+ŃKXDh' = @B D#' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*@D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*@Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* @%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* @D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* @Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* @%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* @D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* @+ 0 N0 `$(  r  S |l kP   r  S  ',   H  0޽h ? inCa1___PPT10i.ʨ0T+D='  = @B +r0I 02l*-tvI.1 ՜.+,0  $ , Letter Paper (8.5x11 in)University of OttawaM Times New RomanArialSymbolwalking_powers-1Chart CorelDRAW!$Segmental Power Analysis of WalkingACalculate Net Forces and Moments of Force using Inverse DynamicsKinematic Analyses6Divide Limb into Segments and Make Free-body Diagrams2Apply Newtons Laws of Motion to Terminal Segment Apply Reactions to Next SegmentRepeat with Next Segment!Sources of Power to the Segments2Compute Powers due to Forces and Moments of ForceMoments of ForcePowers across Joints3How to Interpret Segmental Force and Moment PowersPower Balance Push-OffToe-Off Early Swing Midswing Late SwingEarly Weight-AcceptanceSummary  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles(_̳Gordon RobertsonGordon Robertson